1. The information on this page has been adapted with permission from William Strauss and Neil Howe, Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069 (New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1991). For more information on historical generations and how generational theory can help predict the future, see Strauss and Howe, The Fourth Turning: An American Prophecy (New York: Broadway Books [Bantam-Doubleday-Dell], 1997) and visit Strauss and Howe's fourthturning.com and lifecourse.com sites. [Back to your place.]

2. Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 74; Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 135. [Back to your place.]

3. Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 233, citing Bryan, speech at the 1896 Democratic National Convention, in Donald Pizer (ed.), American Thought and Writing in the 1890s (1972), p. 380, 375. [Back to your place.]

4. Ibid., citing Herron, in Page Smith, The Rise of Industrial America: A People's History of the Post-Reconstruction Era (1984), p. 483; Norris, The Octopus (1901); Sinclair, The Jungle (1906); Steffens, Shame of the Cities (1904); G. J. Barker-Benfield, "Mother Emancipator," Journal of Family History (Winter 1979). [Back to your place.]

5. Ibid., citing Chapman, in Smith (1984), p. 715. [Back to your place.]

6. Ibid., pp. 233-35, citing Lodge, in T. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace (1981), p. 239; Crane, "In the Depths of a Coal Mine," McClure's (1894). [Back to your place.]

7. Ibid., p. 235, citing Churchill, Mr. Crewe's Career (1908); Richard and Beatrice Hofstadter, "Winston Churchill: A Study in the Popular Novel," American Quarterly (Spring 1950). [Back to your place.]

8. Ibid., citing White, in Samuel Eliot Morison and Henry Steele Commager, The Growth of the American Republic (1950), p. 262. [Back to your place.]

9. Ibid., citing Chapman, in John Bartlett, Familiar Quotations (1968), p. 863; Smith (1984), p. 712. [Back to your place.]

10. Ibid. [Back to your place.]

11. Ibid., citing Gilman, This Man-Made World (1911). [Back to your place.]

12. Ibid., pp. 235-36. [Back to your place.]

13. Ibid., p. 236, citing Roosevelt, State of the Union message (January 6, 1942), in E. Taylor Parks and Lois F. Parks (eds.), Memorable Quotations of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1965), p. 227. [Back to your place.]

14. Ibid., citing Jack London, Call of the Wild (1903); Edgar Rice Burroughs, Tarzan of the Apes (1914). [Back to your place.]

15. Ibid., citing Roosevelt, first inaugural address (March 4, 1933) and speech (January 17, 1938), in Parks and Parks (1965), pp. 257, 55-56. [Back to your place.]

16. Ibid., citing Howe, Confessions of a Reformer (1925), cited in Warren I. Susman, Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century (1984), p. 89; Santayana, Character and Opinion in the United States (1920). [Back to your place.]

17. Ibid., pp. 236-37, citing Sherwood Eddy, Pathfinders of the World's Missionary Crusade (1945), p. 43. [Back to your place.]

18. Ibid., citing Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919-1933 (1957), p. 19; Johnson, in William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932-1972 (1974), p. 355. [Back to your place.]

19. Ibid., citing Eddy (1945), p. 269; Speer, Missionary Principles and Practice (1902). [Back to your place.]

20. Ibid., citing "The New American Establishment," U.S. News and World Report (February 8, 1988); Wharton, in Cheryl Merser, "Grown-Ups" (1987), preface. [Back to your place.]

21. Ibid., p. 240, citing Abbott, Gentle Measures in the Management of the Young (1871), cited in Mary Cable, The Little Darlings (1975), pp. 100-01; Trippe, Home Treatment for Children (1881), cited in ibid.; Cable, ibid., p. 105. [Back to your place.]

22. Ibid., citing DuBois, in Smith (1984), p. 626; Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (1910); Canby, in Cable (1975), p. 104. [Back to your place.]

23. Ibid., p. 237, citing Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience (1973), pp. 15. [Back to your place.]

24. Ibid., p. 240. [Back to your place.]

25. Ibid., p. 238, citing Edwin Dexter, A History of Education in the United States (1906), p. 173; Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 (1975), series H-433; Dexter (1906), p. 488; Historical Statistics, series H-751; Huston Smith (ed.), The Search for America (1959), p. 91; Page Smith (1984), pp. 589-90; Joseph Kett, Rites of Passage: Adolescence in America, 1790 to the Present (1977), p. 178. [Back to your place.]

26. Ibid., p. 241, citing Martin U. Martel, "Age-Sex Roles in American Magazine Fiction (1890-1955)," in Bernice Neugarten (ed.), Middle Age and Aging (1968). [Back to your place.]

27. Ibid., citing Mrs. James Roosevelt, My Boy Franklin (1933); Anna Sewell, Black Beauty (1877); Johanna Spyri, Heidi (English translation, 1884); Alger, Bound to Rise (1873). [Back to your place.]

28. Ibid., citing Canby, in Cable (1975), p. 104. [Back to your place.]

29. Ibid., citing Hyde, The Evolution of a College Student (1898), cited in Kett (1977), p. 177. [Back to your place.]

30. Ibid., p. 238, citing Helen Horowitz, Campus Life (1987), ch. 2; Lewis Feuer, The Conflict of Generations: The Character and Significance of Student Movements (1969), pp. 332-36, 339; John P. Rousmanière, "Cultural Hybrid in the Slums: The College Woman and the Settlement House, 1889-94," in Michael Katz (ed.), Education in American History (1973). [Back to your place.]

31. Ibid., p. 241. [Back to your place.]

32. Ibid., pp. 94, 241, citing Baker, in Smith (1984), p. 596; Steffens, in Horowitz (1987), pp. 51-52. [Back to your place.]

33. Ibid., p. 238. [Back to your place.]

34. Ibid., citing Louis Filler, The Muckrakers (1968), pp. 3-7. [Back to your place.]

35. Ibid., p. 241, citing Herron, Between Caesar and Jesus (1899). [Back to your place.]

36. Ibid., p. 238, citing H. Wayne Morgan, Drugs in America: A Social History, 1800-1980 (1981); David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940 (1972); J. C. Burnham, "New Perspectives on the Prohibition 'Experiment' of the 1920's," Journal of Social History (Fall 1968). [Back to your place.]

37. Ibid., p. 241, citing Howe (1925), in Susman (1984), p. 89. [Back to your place.]

38. Ibid. p. 242, citing O. Henry, The Trimmed Lamp (1907). [Back to your place.]

39. Ibid., citing Crane, "The Blue Battalions," in Pizer (1972), p. 31; Hearst editorial, in J. C. Furnas, The Americans: A Social History of the United States (1969), p. 864. [Back to your place.]

40. Ibid., citing Joe Hill, I.W.W. Songbook; Sinclair, The Jungle (1906). [Back to your place.]

41. Ibid., pp. 238-39, citing Rayford Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought: The Nadir, 1877-1901 (1954); C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (1955); Historical Statistics (1975), series H-1170. [Back to your place.]

42. Ibid., p. 242, citing Hovey, in Lears (1981), p. 115, 119. [Back to your place.]

43. Ibid. pp. 242-43, citing Griffith, Birth of a Nation (film, 1915); Beveridge, in Harvey Wish, Society and Thought in Modern America (1952), p. 393; Beveridge, in Walter LordThe Good Years: From 1900 to the First World War (1960), p. 8; DuBois, Dusk of Dawn: An Essay Toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept (1940). [Back to your place.]

44. Ibid., p. 239, citing Harvey A. Levenstein, Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet (1988), p. 86. [Back to your place.]

45. Ibid., p. 243. [Back to your place.]

46. Ibid., citing Anderson, Winesburg, Ohio (1919); Masters, Spoon River Anthology (1915). [Back to your place.]

47. Ibid., p. 239, citing Paula Fass, The Damned and the Beautiful: American Youth in the 1920s (1977), pp. 66-69; Peter Uhlenberg, "Changing Configurations of the Life Course," in Tamara K. Hareven (ed.), Transitions: The Family and the Life Course in Historical Perspective (1978); Warren S. Thompsn and P. K. Whelpton, Population Trends in the United States (1969), pp. 203-06; Ruth Freeman and Patricia Klaus, "Blessed or Not? The New Spinster in England and the United States in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries," Journal of Family History (1984). [Back to your place.]

48. Ibid., p. 243, citing James R. McGovern, "The American Woman's Pre--World War I Freedom in Manners and Morals," Journal of American History (September 1968); Glasgow, Phases of an Inferior Planet (1898); Levenstein (1988), pp. 60-61; Gwendolyn Wright, Moralism and the Model Home: Domestic Architecture and Cultural Conflict in Chicago, 1873-1913 (1980). [Back to your place.]

49. Ibid., p. 239, citing McGovern (1968). [Back to your place.]

50. Ibid., p. 243, citing Canby, in Fass (1977), p. 73. [Back to your place.]

51. Ibid., citing Bryan, in Andrew Sinclair, Prohibition: The Era of Excess (1962), pp. 16-17. [Back to your place.]

52. Ibid., p. 239. [Back to your place.]

53. Ibid., p. 243. [Back to your place.]

54. Ibid., citing Adams (1926), in Fass (1977), p. 17. [Back to your place.]

55. Ibid., p. 244, citing Wilson, in J. C. Furnas, Great Times: An Informal Social History of the United States (1974), p. 236; Follett and Park, in Jean B. Quandt, From the Small Town to the Great Community: The Social Thought of Progressive Intellectuals (1970), p. 141; Woods, in Otis L. Graham, Jr., The Great Campaigns: Reform and War in America, 1900-1928 (1971), p. 99. [Back to your place.]

56. Ibid., citing Susman (1984), pp. 137-39; White, A Puritan in Babylon (1938). [Back to your place.]

57. Ibid., p. 238, citing Morgan (1981); Courtwright (1972); Burnham (1968). [Back to your place.]

58. Ibid., p. 244, citing Eric H. Monkkonen, "The Organized Response to Crime in Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century America," Journal of Interdisciplinary History (Summer 1983); Margaret Callahan, Historical Corrections Statistics in the United States, 1850-1984, U.S. Department of Justice (1986), p. 217. [Back to your place.]

59. Ibid. [Back to your place.]

60. Ibid., citing Roosevelt, Speech to the 1936 Democratic National Convention, in Parks and Parks (1965), p. 147. [Back to your place.]

61. Ibid., p. 88. [Back to your place.]

62. Ibid. pp. 244-45, citing Armstrong, in William Graebner, A History of Retirement: The Meaning and Function of an American Institution, 1885-1978 (1980), p. 186; Wagner, in ibid., p. 185. [Back to your place.]

63. Ibid., p. 240, citing Eugene Smolensky, Sheldon Danziger, and Peter Gottschalk, "The Declining Significance of Age in the United States: Trends in the Well-Being of Children and the Elderly since 1939," Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin at Madison (1987). [Back to your place.]

64. Ibid., p. 245. [Back to your place.]

65. Ibid., p. 240, citing Harvey Lehman, "The Age of Eminent Leaders, Then and Now," American Journal of Sociology (1947). [Back to your place.]

66. Ibid., p. 245, citing Otis L. Graham, Jr., An Encore for Reform: The Old Progressives and the New Deal (1967), pp. 108-09, 185; Mencken, "The New Deal Mentality" (1936). [Back to your place.]

67. Ibid., p. 240, citing Historical Statistics (1975), series B-190, B-191; Social Security Administration, Social Security Area Population Projections, 1989, Actuarial Study No. 105, table 10 (1989). [Back to your place.]

68. Ibid., p. 245, citing Congressman Dewey Short, in Manchester (1974), p. 563. [Back to your place.]

69. Ibid., citing Eddy (1945), p. 310. [Back to your place.]

70. Ibid. [Back to your place.]

71. Ibid., p. 246. [Back to your place.]

72. Ibid., citing Baruch, speech (April 16, 1947), in George Seldes, The Great Thoughts (1985), p. 35. [Back to your place.]

73. Ibid., citing Boorstin (1973), pp. 568-79. [Back to your place.]

74. Ibid., citing Graham Wallas (born 1858) in 1914; Adams, Epic of America (1931); Lindsay, in "Bryan, Bryan, Bryan, Bryan," Collected Works (1925); Bryan, in Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition (1948), p. 186. [Back to your place.]

75. Ibid., citing Berenson, Aesthetics and History (1948); Roosevelt, State of the Union speech (January 6, 1941). [Back to your place.]