1. The information on this page has been adapted with permission from William Strauss and Neil Howe, Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069 (New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1991). For more information on historical generations and how generational theory can help predict the future, see Strauss and Howe, The Fourth Turning: An American Prophecy (New York: Broadway Books [Bantam-Doubleday-Dell], 1997) and visit Strauss and Howe's fourthturning.com and lifecourse.com sites. [Back to your place.]

2. Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 74; Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 135. [Back to your place.]

3. Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 247, citing Pound, Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920). [Back to your place.]

4. Ibid., citing cummings, in Malcolm Cowley, A Second Flowering: Works and Days of the Lost Generation (1956), p. 14; Dos Passos, in ibid., p. 12. [Back to your place.]

5. Ibid., citing Fitzgerald, This Side of Paradise (1920). [Back to your place.]

6. Ibid., citing Richard Whiting, Ain't We Got Fun? (1920). [Back to your place.]

7. Ibid., pp. 247-49, citing Fitzgerald (1920); Pound (1920). [Back to your place.]

8. Ibid., p. 249. [Back to your place.]

9. Ibid., citing Wolfe, in Max Perkins, in Cowley (1956), p. 185; Ruth, in Warren I. Susman, Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century (1984), pp. 143-44; David Nasaw, Schooled to Order (1979), p. 90; Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday (1931), ch. 5. [Back to your place.]

10. Ibid., citing Franklin Roosevelt, first inaugural address (March 4, 1933). [Back to your place.]

11. Ibid., citing Millay, A Few Figs from Thistles (1920); Fitzgerald, "The Crack-Up," Esquire February 1936), included in Edmund Wilson (ed.), The Crack-Up (1945). [Back to your place.]

12. Ibid., pp. 249-50, citing Coughlin, radio address (February 5, 1939), in Why Leave Our Own? (1939); Roosevelt, during 1944 campaign, in William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932-1972 (1974), p. 320. [Back to your place.]

13. Ibid., p. 250, citing MacLeish, The Irresponsibles (1940); Stimson, On Active Service in Peace and War (1948). [Back to your place.]

14. Ibid., citing Hemingway, The Sun Also Rises (1926); Fitzgerald, All the Sad Young Men (1926). [Back to your place.]

15. Ibid., citing Comer, "A Letter to the Rising Generation," Atlantic Monthly (February 1911). [Back to your place.]

16. Ibid., citing Bourne, "The Two Generations," Atlantic Monthly (May 1911). [Back to your place.]

17. Ibid., pp. 250-51, citing Hemingway, Death in the Afternoon (1932). [Back to your place.]

18. Ibid., p. 251, citing Hemingway, "A Clean Well-Lighted Place" (1933); Miller, op-ed essay, The New York Times (September 7, 1974). [Back to your place.]

19. Ibid. [Back to your place.]

20. Ibid., p. 254, citing O'Hanlon, in "Virginia, Santa Can't Find Your House," Washington Post (December 24, 1989). [Back to your place.]

21. Ibid., citing Smith, The Science of Motherhood (1894), in Mary Cable, The Little Darlings (1975), p. 102. [Back to your place.]

22. Ibid., citing George Burns, The Third Time Around (1980), pp. 9-10; Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (1890). [Back to your place.]

23. Ibid., pp. 251-52, 254, citing Carl Degler, At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present (1980), p. 70; Walter Lord, The Good Years: From 1900 to the First World War (1960), p. 299; Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 (1975), series D-31, D-80; David Nasaw, Children of the City: At Work and at Play (1985), ch. 5. [Back to your place.]

24. Ibid., pp. 252, 254, citing Bureau of the Census (1975), series G-911. [Back to your place.]

25. Ibid., pp. 253, citing "A State by State Look at the Oldest Americans," American Demographics (November 1986). [Back to your place.]

26. Ibid., pp. 254-55, citing Marx, in Nasaw (1985), p. 26. [Back to your place.]

27. Ibid., p. 252, citing John Folger and Charles Nam, Education of the American Population, Census Monograph (1960), chs. 1-2, 4-5; Bureau of the Census (1975), series H-433, H-707, H-755, H-764. [Back to your place.]

28. Ibid., p. 255, citing Calvin B. T. Lee, The Campus Scene: 1900-1970 (1970), p. 7. [Back to your place.]

29. Ibid., citing G. Stanley Hall, Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education (1905); Wolfe, You Can't Go Home Again (1940). [Back to your place.]

30. Ibid., citing Mike Gold, Jews without Money (1930), in Nasaw (1985), p. 141. [Back to your place.]

31. Ibid., citing Carter, in Malcolm Cowley and Robert Cowley (eds.), Fitzgerald and the Jazz Age (1966), pp. 48-49; Cowley (1934), p. 18. [Back to your place.]

32. Ibid., citing Harry Laidler (1925), in Lewis Feuer, The Conflict of Generations: The Character and Significance of Student Movements (1969), p. 344. [Back to your place.]

33. Ibid., p. 252, citing H. Wayne Morgan, Drugs in America: A Social History, 1800-1980 (1981). [Back to your place.]

34. Ibid., p. 253, citing Herbert Hendon, Suicide in America (1982), ch. 2; Morton Kramer et al., Mental Disorders/Suicide (1972), p. 207. [Back to your place.]

35. Ibid., p. 255, citing Brooks, Wine of the Puritans (1908); "Sex O'Clock," in Nasaw (1985), p. 140; Mencken, in Lee (1970), p. 12. [Back to your place.]

36. Ibid., pp. 252, 255-56, citing Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience (1973), pp. 220-23; Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms (1929). [Back to your place.]

37. Ibid., p. 253, citing Alfred Crosby, Epidemic and Peace (1976). [Back to your place.]

38. Ibid., p. 256, citing Thompson, in "VIrgil Thompson . . . ," The New York Times (October 1, 1989); Fitzgerald (1968). [Back to your place.]

39. Ibid., citing Barton, A Young Man's Jesus (1914), cited in T. J. Jackson Lears, "From Salvation to Self-Realization," in Richard Wrightman Fox and Lears (eds.), The Culture of Consumption (1983); Lewis, Main Street (1920) and Elmer Gantry (1927). [Back to your place.]

40. Ibid., citing Carter, "'These Wild Young People' By One of Them," Atlantic Monthly (September 1920). [Back to your place.]

41. Ibid., pp. 252-53, citing Stuart Berg Flexner, Listening to America (1982). [Back to your place.]

42. Ibid., p. 256, citing Fitzgerald, in Andrew Trumbull, Scott Fitzgerald (1962), p. 183. [Back to your place.]

43. Ibid., pp. 253, 256, citing Reynolds Farley, "The Urbanization of Negroes in the United States," Journal of Social History (Spring 1968); McKay, Home to Harlem (1928); Alain Locke, The New Negro: An Interpretation (1925); Brown, "A Century of Negro Portraiture in American Literature," in Abraham Chapman (ed), Black Voices (1968). [Back to your place.]

44. Ibid., p. 256, citing Fitzgerald, "Echoes of the Jazz Age" (1931), in Cowley and Cowley (1966). [Back to your place.]

45. Ibid., pp. 256-57, citing Allen (1931), pp. 101-02. [Back to your place.]

46. Ibid., p. 252. [Back to your place.]

47. Ibid., p. 257, citing "At 75, Carnegie's Message Lives On," The New York Times (December 18, 1987). [Back to your place.]

48. Ibid., citing Fitzgerald, quoting Gerald Murphy, in Calvin Thomas, Living Well Is the Best Revenge (1962), p. 141; Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (1925). [Back to your place.]

49. Ibid., p. 252, citing James MacGregor Burns, The Workshop of Democracy (1986), p. 534. [Back to your place.]

50. Ibid., p. 257, citing Vanzetti, letter to his son (1927), in George Seldes, The Great Thoughts (1985), p. 429; O'Neill, The Emperor Jones (1920). [Back to your place.]

51. Ibid., citing Lewis, in Daniel Aron, "Literary Scenes and Literary Movements," in Emory Eliott (ed.), Columbia Literary History of the United States (1988); Lippmann, A Preface to Morals (1929). [Back to your place.]

52. Ibid., citing Malcolm Cowley, Exile's Return (1934), p. 306; Fitzgerald (1931), in Frederick J. Hoffman, "Some Perspectives on the 1920s," in Sidney Fine and Gerald S. Brown (eds.), The American Past (1970). [Back to your place.]

53. Ibid., pp. 257-58, citing Niebuhr, Moral Man in Immoral Society (1932). [Back to your place.]

54. Ibid., p. 258, citing Wilson, in Manchester (1974), p. 77; Ickes and Roosevelt, in ibid., pp. 115, 114. [Back to your place.]

55. Ibid., pp. 253, 258. [Back to your place.]

56. Ibid., p. 258. [Back to your place.]

57. Ibid., citing Hemingway (1929); Eisenhower, in letter to Henry Luce, cited in Fred Greenstein and Robert Wright, "Reagan . . . Another Ike?" Public Opinion (December-January 1981). [Back to your place.]

58. Ibid., pp. 258-59, citing Eisenhower (January 1961), in Manchester (1974), p. 877. [Back to your place.]

59. Ibid., p. 252, citing Stephen Crystal, America's Old Age Crisis (1982), p. 33. [Back to your place.]

60. Ibid., p. 253, citing Bureau of the Census (1975), series B-190, B-191; Social Security Administration, Social Security Area Population Projections, 1989, Actuarial Study No. 105 (1989), table 10. [Back to your place.]

61. Ibid., citing K. Warner Schaie and Iris Parham, "Stability of Adult Personality Traits: Fact or Fable?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1976). [Back to your place.]

62. Ibid., p. 259, citing Kennedy to Congress (May 25, 1961), in "Looking Back at Apollo," Wall Street Journal (May 20, 1989). [Back to your place.]

63. Ibid., citing Andrus (1965), in "AARP's Catastrophe," Wall Street Journal (October 2, 1989). [Back to your place.]

64. Ibid., p. 254, citing Reuben Hill, Family Developments in Three Generations (1970), p. 108; Martha Riche, "The Nursing Home Dilemma," American Demographics (October 1985); G. Lawrence Atkins, "The Economic Status of the Oldest Old," Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly (Spring 1985); U.S. House of Representatives, Overview of Entitlement Programs, 1990 Green Book, Committee on Ways and Means (June 5, 1990), pp. 116-21, 1001, 1011. [Back to your place.]

65. Ibid., pp. 253-54, citing Warren Miller, American National Election Studies Data Sourcebook, 1952-1978 (1980); "Opinion Roundup," Public Opinion (May-June 1985 and November-December 1986); Alan Spitzer, "The Historical Problem of Generations," American Historical Review (December 1973). [Back to your place.]

66. Ibid., p. 259, citing William Graebner, A History of Retirement: The Meaning and Function of an American Institution, 1885-1978 (1980), pp. 233, 241; Miller, Death of a Salesman (1949); Parker, in Manchester (1974), p. 246. [Back to your place.]

67. Ibid., citing Thompson, "VIrgil Thompson . . . ," The New York Times (October 1, 1989). [Back to your place.]

68. Ibid., citing Parker, in Seldes (1985), p. 231. [Back to your place.]

69. Ibid., pp. 259-60, citing Wilder, The Skin of Our Teeth (1942); Tillich, in Paul Tillich and Huston Smith, "Human Fulfillment," in Huston Smith (ed.), The Search for America (1959). [Back to your place.]

70. Ibid., p. 260, citing Barton, in Susman (1984), p. 126. [Back to your place.]

71. Ibid., citing Dashiell Hammett, The Maltese Falcon (1929)--later immortalized by Humphrey Bogart on camera (1931); O'Neill (1986); 18 Again! (film, 1988). [Back to your place.]

72. Ibid., citing Cowley (1956), p. 248. [Back to your place.]